Abies koreana
Abies koreana (Korean: 구상나무, Gusang namu), the Korean fir, is a species of fir native to the higher mountains of South Korea, including Jeju Island. It grows at altitudes of 1,000–1,900 metres (3,300–6,200 ft) in temperate rainforest with high rainfall and cool, humid summers, and heavy winter snowfall.
It is a small to medium-sized evergreen coniferous tree growing to 10–18 m (33–59 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in), smaller and sometimes shrubby at the tree line. The bark is smooth with resin blisters and grey-brown in colour. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in) long and 2–2.5 millimetres (0.08–0.10 in) wide by 0.5 mm (0.02 in) thick, glossy dark green above, and with two broad, vividly white bands of stomata below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they lie mostly either side of and above the shoot, with fewer below the shoot. The shoots are green-grey at first, maturing pinkish-grey, with scattered fine pubescence. The cones are 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long and 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) broad, dark purple-blue before maturity; the scale bracts are long, green or yellow, and emerge between the scales in the closed cone. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 5–6 months after pollination.
정의 소나무과에 속하는 상록침엽교목.
학명은 Abies koreana WILS.이다. 우리나라 특산종으로 한라산·지리산·무등산·덕유산의 높이 500∼2,000m 사이에서 자란다. 높이 18m, 수폭 7∼8m에 이르는 미려한 수형을 갖는 나무이다. 분비나무와 비슷하게 생겨서 분비나무로 오인되어 오다가 1920년 윌슨(Wilson)이 열매의 실인(實鄰)이 뒤로 젖혀진 점이 분비나무와 다르다는 것을 발견하고 한국 특산종으로 발표하였다.
5∼6월에 잎 끝에 솔방울 같은 꽃이 피는데 빛깔이 노란색·분홍색·자주색·검은색 등 갖가지 색을 나타내며, 가을에 익는 열매도 여러 가지 색이다. 암수한그루이며, 꽃의 색이 자주빛인 것은 구상나무, 검은빛이 강한 것은 검구상, 붉은빛이 도는 것은 붉은구상, 녹색인 것은 푸른구상이라고 부른다.
추운 곳이나 더운 곳, 어느 곳이든 잘 사는데, 어려서는 약한 그늘을 좋아하며 자라면서 양광을 필요로 한다. 토양에 습도가 많아야 되고, 거름기가 많은 비옥한 땅에서 잘 자란다.
번식은 9월에 익은 종자를 따서 정선을 한 뒤에 헝겊이나 비닐봉투에 넣어 보관하였다가 2월 말에 모래와 습적처리를 하여 4월 초에 파종한다. 파종 전 토양살균을 실시하여 입고병을 방제하고, 적당한 음지를 만들어주어야 한다.
구상나무는 우리나라 사람에게는 잘 알려져 있지 않으나 구미에서는 누구나 잘 아는 나무로, 유럽에서는 한국전나무(Korean Fir)로 부르며 크리스마스 트리로 애용한다. 모양이 아름다워 관상수·공원수 등으로 좋으며, 목재는 재질이 훌륭하여 가구재 및 건축재 등으로 사용된다.
한국민족문화대백과, 한국학중앙연구원
Ernest Henry Wilson
Ernest Henry "Chinese"[1] Wilson (15 February 1876 – 15 October 1930), better known as E. H. Wilson, was a notable British plant collector and explorer who introduced a large range of about 2000 of Asian plant species to the West; some sixty bear his name.[2]
Born | 15 February 1876 Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, England |
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Died | 15 October 1930 (aged 54) Worcester, Massachusetts US |
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Cause of death | Road traffic accident |
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Nationality | |
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Other names | "Chinese" Wilson |
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Education | |
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Occupation | |
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Awards | |
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The Regal Lily, L. regale
Wilson was born in Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire but the family soon moved to Shirley, Warwickshire, where they set up a floristry business.[3] He left school early for employment at the local nursery of Messrs. Hewitt, Warwickshire, as apprentice gardener, and, aged 16, at the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; there he also studied at Birmingham Municipal Technical School in the evenings, receiving the Queen's Prize for botany. In 1897 he began work at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where he won the Hooker Prize for an essay on conifers. He then accepted a position as Chinese plant collector with the firm of James Veitch & Sons, who were eager above all to retrieve the dove tree, Davidia involucrata. "Stick to the one thing you are after," advised Harry Veitch, who had more than a dozen plant hunters on payroll, "and don't spend time and money wandering about. Probably every worthwhile plant in China has now been introduced to Europe."[4]
After six months at Veitch's Coombe Woods Nursery, Wilson travelled west towards China, stopping for five days at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts, where he carried a letter of introduction to Charles Sprague Sargent and studied techniques for shipping seeds and plants without damage. He continued across the US by train, and sailed from San Francisco, reaching Hong Kong on 3 June 1899. Sargent had suggested he head straight to Simao to talk to Augustine Henry, who had seen a unique dove tree twelve years previously. Though the tree had been recently cut down when Wilson reached it, he rediscovered the specimens noticed by Père David 600 km away in Yichang, Hubei.[5] Wilson collected for two years in Hubei Province, reaching isolated mountain valleys with an intrepid spirit that has made him legendary, before returning to England in April 1902 with seed of 305 species, and 35 Wardian cases of bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers, many of which Veitch introduced into Western commerce, as well as dried herbarium specimens, representing some 906 plant species.[6]
The Wilson stump (ウィルソン株, Wilson kabu) is at elevation 1,030m in Yakushima. The tree, Sugi, when it was cut by the Shimazu clan under order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi to build Hōkō-ji in 1586, had an estimated age of over 3,000 years. The base circumference is 32 m and 4.39 m across at chest height. The hollow is 10 tatami width and contains a small Kamidana
On his first return Wilson married Helen Ganderton, of Edgbaston, but within six months Veitch sent him out again, this time with the yellow Chinese poppy, Meconopsis integrifolia as his objective. In 1903 Wilson discovered the Regal lily in western Sichuan along the Min River. He revisited the site in 1908 and collected more bulbs, but most of these rotted while en route back to the Arnold Arboretum in Boston. In 1910 he again returned to the Min valley, but this time his leg was crushed during an avalanche of boulders as he was carried along the trail in his sedan chair. After setting his leg with the tripod of his camera, he was carried back to civilisation on a three-day forced march. Thereafter he walked with what he called his "lily limp". It was this third shipment of bulbs that successfully introduced the Regal Lily into cultivation in the United States.[citation needed]
A few of the many plants introduced to western cultivation from his first expedition include Acer griseum, Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit), Berberis julianae, Clematis armandii, Clematis montana var. rubens, Davidia involucrata, Ilex pernyi, Jasminum mesnyi, and Primula pulverulenta. Many of the species he collected were formally named by Maxwell T. Masters. In his reminiscence If I were to Make a Garden, Wilson claimed to have introduced 25 species of wild rose to the West. One of them, Rosa willmottiae was named after Ellen Willmott[7] a famous, important sponsor, expert and writer of "The Genus Rosa". Early in the 20th century Henry Morris Upcher, owner of Sheringham Park, Norfolk, England obtained Rhododendron seeds of various types from Wilson. Plants from this source which can be found at the garden include Rhododendron ambiguum, R. calophytum and R. decorum, among others.[8]
In subsequent years he became a collector for Sargent at the Arnold Arboretum, and made further expeditions to China in 1907, 1908, and 1910, as well as to Japan (1911–1916), where he collected 63 named forms of cherry blossom. One of his footprints in Japan is Wilson's introduction of the gigantic "Yaku sugi stump" called Wilson stump (ウィルソン株, Wilson kabu) in Yakushima to Western readers in 1914.[9] His hypothesis made in 1916, that the Japanese cherry Prunus× yedoensis was a hybrid, was supported by hybridisation experiments in Japanese national laboratories in 1965.[citation needed]
He returned to Asia in 1917–1918, exploring in Korea and Formosa. Upon return to the Arnold Arboretum in 1919 he was appointed Associate Director. Three years later he set off for a two-year expedition through Australia, New Zealand, India, Central and South America, and East Africa. In 1927 he became Keeper of the Arnold Arboretum.[citation needed] Wilson and his wife died in Worcester, Massachusetts, on 15 October 1930 in an automobile accident.
In recognition of his service to horticulture he received many awards such as the Royal Horticultural Society's Veitch Memorial Medal in 1906 and their Victoria Medal of Honour in 1912, and the George Robert White Memorial Medal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received an honorary M.A. degree from Harvard University and a D.Sc. degree from Trinity College.
Over 100 plants introduced by Wilson have received the First-Class Certificate or Awards of Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. Sixty species and varieties of Chinese plants bear his name. In 1916–1917 Charles Sprague Sargent edited a partial list of his introductions as Plantae Wilsonianae.
The Ernest Wilson Memorial Garden is in the village of Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire. In May 2010, a blue plaque was erected at Birmingham Botanical Gardens, by the Birmingham Civic Society, marking Wilson's time there.[10]
For the 2015 Tatton Park Flower Show the gardening staff at Tatton Park, Cheshire created the China 'Mother of Gardens' exhibit. Many of Wilson's species were used in a design based around a traditional Chinese courtyard.
Abies koreana
Abies koreana (Korean: 구상나무, Gusang namu), the Korean fir, is a species of fir native to the higher mountains of South Korea, including Jeju Island. It grows at altitudes of 1,000–1,900 metres (3,300–6,200 ft) in temperate rainforest with high rainfall and cool, humid summers, and heavy winter snowfall.
It is a small to medium-sized evergreen coniferous tree growing to 10–18 m (33–59 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in), smaller and sometimes shrubby at the tree line. The bark is smooth with resin blisters and grey-brown in colour. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in) long and 2–2.5 millimetres (0.08–0.10 in) wide by 0.5 mm (0.02 in) thick, glossy dark green above, and with two broad, vividly white bands of stomata below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they lie mostly either side of and above the shoot, with fewer below the shoot. The shoots are green-grey at first, maturing pinkish-grey, with scattered fine pubescence. The cones are 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long and 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) broad, dark purple-blue before maturity; the scale bracts are long, green or yellow, and emerge between the scales in the closed cone. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 5–6 months after pollination.
정의 소나무과에 속하는 상록침엽교목.
학명은 Abies koreana WILS.이다. 우리나라 특산종으로 한라산·지리산·무등산·덕유산의 높이 500∼2,000m 사이에서 자란다. 높이 18m, 수폭 7∼8m에 이르는 미려한 수형을 갖는 나무이다. 분비나무와 비슷하게 생겨서 분비나무로 오인되어 오다가 1920년 윌슨(Wilson)이 열매의 실인(實鄰)이 뒤로 젖혀진 점이 분비나무와 다르다는 것을 발견하고 한국 특산종으로 발표하였다.
5∼6월에 잎 끝에 솔방울 같은 꽃이 피는데 빛깔이 노란색·분홍색·자주색·검은색 등 갖가지 색을 나타내며, 가을에 익는 열매도 여러 가지 색이다. 암수한그루이며, 꽃의 색이 자주빛인 것은 구상나무, 검은빛이 강한 것은 검구상, 붉은빛이 도는 것은 붉은구상, 녹색인 것은 푸른구상이라고 부른다.
추운 곳이나 더운 곳, 어느 곳이든 잘 사는데, 어려서는 약한 그늘을 좋아하며 자라면서 양광을 필요로 한다. 토양에 습도가 많아야 되고, 거름기가 많은 비옥한 땅에서 잘 자란다.
번식은 9월에 익은 종자를 따서 정선을 한 뒤에 헝겊이나 비닐봉투에 넣어 보관하였다가 2월 말에 모래와 습적처리를 하여 4월 초에 파종한다. 파종 전 토양살균을 실시하여 입고병을 방제하고, 적당한 음지를 만들어주어야 한다.
구상나무는 우리나라 사람에게는 잘 알려져 있지 않으나 구미에서는 누구나 잘 아는 나무로, 유럽에서는 한국전나무(Korean Fir)로 부르며 크리스마스 트리로 애용한다. 모양이 아름다워 관상수·공원수 등으로 좋으며, 목재는 재질이 훌륭하여 가구재 및 건축재 등으로 사용된다.
한국민족문화대백과, 한국학중앙연구원
Ernest Henry Wilson
Ernest Henry "Chinese"[1] Wilson (15 February 1876 – 15 October 1930), better known as E. H. Wilson, was a notable British plant collector and explorer who introduced a large range of about 2000 of Asian plant species to the West; some sixty bear his name.[2]
Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, England
Worcester, Massachusetts US
The Regal Lily, L. regale
Wilson was born in Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire but the family soon moved to Shirley, Warwickshire, where they set up a floristry business.[3] He left school early for employment at the local nursery of Messrs. Hewitt, Warwickshire, as apprentice gardener, and, aged 16, at the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; there he also studied at Birmingham Municipal Technical School in the evenings, receiving the Queen's Prize for botany. In 1897 he began work at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where he won the Hooker Prize for an essay on conifers. He then accepted a position as Chinese plant collector with the firm of James Veitch & Sons, who were eager above all to retrieve the dove tree, Davidia involucrata. "Stick to the one thing you are after," advised Harry Veitch, who had more than a dozen plant hunters on payroll, "and don't spend time and money wandering about. Probably every worthwhile plant in China has now been introduced to Europe."[4]
After six months at Veitch's Coombe Woods Nursery, Wilson travelled west towards China, stopping for five days at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts, where he carried a letter of introduction to Charles Sprague Sargent and studied techniques for shipping seeds and plants without damage. He continued across the US by train, and sailed from San Francisco, reaching Hong Kong on 3 June 1899. Sargent had suggested he head straight to Simao to talk to Augustine Henry, who had seen a unique dove tree twelve years previously. Though the tree had been recently cut down when Wilson reached it, he rediscovered the specimens noticed by Père David 600 km away in Yichang, Hubei.[5] Wilson collected for two years in Hubei Province, reaching isolated mountain valleys with an intrepid spirit that has made him legendary, before returning to England in April 1902 with seed of 305 species, and 35 Wardian cases of bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers, many of which Veitch introduced into Western commerce, as well as dried herbarium specimens, representing some 906 plant species.[6]
The Wilson stump (ウィルソン株, Wilson kabu) is at elevation 1,030m in Yakushima. The tree, Sugi, when it was cut by the Shimazu clan under order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi to build Hōkō-ji in 1586, had an estimated age of over 3,000 years. The base circumference is 32 m and 4.39 m across at chest height. The hollow is 10 tatami width and contains a small Kamidana
On his first return Wilson married Helen Ganderton, of Edgbaston, but within six months Veitch sent him out again, this time with the yellow Chinese poppy, Meconopsis integrifolia as his objective. In 1903 Wilson discovered the Regal lily in western Sichuan along the Min River. He revisited the site in 1908 and collected more bulbs, but most of these rotted while en route back to the Arnold Arboretum in Boston. In 1910 he again returned to the Min valley, but this time his leg was crushed during an avalanche of boulders as he was carried along the trail in his sedan chair. After setting his leg with the tripod of his camera, he was carried back to civilisation on a three-day forced march. Thereafter he walked with what he called his "lily limp". It was this third shipment of bulbs that successfully introduced the Regal Lily into cultivation in the United States.[citation needed]
A few of the many plants introduced to western cultivation from his first expedition include Acer griseum, Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit), Berberis julianae, Clematis armandii, Clematis montana var. rubens, Davidia involucrata, Ilex pernyi, Jasminum mesnyi, and Primula pulverulenta. Many of the species he collected were formally named by Maxwell T. Masters. In his reminiscence If I were to Make a Garden, Wilson claimed to have introduced 25 species of wild rose to the West. One of them, Rosa willmottiae was named after Ellen Willmott[7] a famous, important sponsor, expert and writer of "The Genus Rosa". Early in the 20th century Henry Morris Upcher, owner of Sheringham Park, Norfolk, England obtained Rhododendron seeds of various types from Wilson. Plants from this source which can be found at the garden include Rhododendron ambiguum, R. calophytum and R. decorum, among others.[8]
In subsequent years he became a collector for Sargent at the Arnold Arboretum, and made further expeditions to China in 1907, 1908, and 1910, as well as to Japan (1911–1916), where he collected 63 named forms of cherry blossom. One of his footprints in Japan is Wilson's introduction of the gigantic "Yaku sugi stump" called Wilson stump (ウィルソン株, Wilson kabu) in Yakushima to Western readers in 1914.[9] His hypothesis made in 1916, that the Japanese cherry Prunus× yedoensis was a hybrid, was supported by hybridisation experiments in Japanese national laboratories in 1965.[citation needed]
He returned to Asia in 1917–1918, exploring in Korea and Formosa. Upon return to the Arnold Arboretum in 1919 he was appointed Associate Director. Three years later he set off for a two-year expedition through Australia, New Zealand, India, Central and South America, and East Africa. In 1927 he became Keeper of the Arnold Arboretum.[citation needed] Wilson and his wife died in Worcester, Massachusetts, on 15 October 1930 in an automobile accident.
In recognition of his service to horticulture he received many awards such as the Royal Horticultural Society's Veitch Memorial Medal in 1906 and their Victoria Medal of Honour in 1912, and the George Robert White Memorial Medal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received an honorary M.A. degree from Harvard University and a D.Sc. degree from Trinity College.
Over 100 plants introduced by Wilson have received the First-Class Certificate or Awards of Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. Sixty species and varieties of Chinese plants bear his name. In 1916–1917 Charles Sprague Sargent edited a partial list of his introductions as Plantae Wilsonianae.
The Ernest Wilson Memorial Garden is in the village of Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire. In May 2010, a blue plaque was erected at Birmingham Botanical Gardens, by the Birmingham Civic Society, marking Wilson's time there.[10]
For the 2015 Tatton Park Flower Show the gardening staff at Tatton Park, Cheshire created the China 'Mother of Gardens' exhibit. Many of Wilson's species were used in a design based around a traditional Chinese courtyard.